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Section 1 — Python Basics & Syntax

Questions 1–12

12 Qs

01What is Python? List its key features: dynamic typing, interpreted, garbage-collected, and high-level syntax.Basic

02What is the difference between Python 2 and Python 3? Name at least five breaking changes.Basic

03Explain Python's memory management and how the garbage collector works (reference counting + cyclic GC).Medium

04What is the difference between is and == in Python? When can is give unexpected results?Basic

05What are mutable vs immutable types in Python? Give three examples of each.Basic

06Explain Python's pass, break, and continue statements with examples.Basic

07What is list comprehension? Write a comprehension that squares only the even numbers from 1 to 20.Basic

08What are *args and **kwargs? Provide an example function that uses both.Basic

09What is the difference between global and nonlocal keywords? When is each needed?Medium

10What is the walrus operator (:=)? Give an example where it simplifies code.Medium

11What are f-strings? Compare them to % formatting and str.format() in terms of readability and performance.Basic

12What is the purpose of __name__ == '__main__'? Why is it a best practice in Python scripts?Basic

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Section 2 — Data Types & Structures

Questions 13–24

12 Qs

13What is the difference between a list and a tuple? When would you prefer one over the other?Basic

14How does Python's dict work internally? Explain hashing and collision resolution.Medium

15What is a set in Python? Explain set operations: union, intersection, difference, and symmetric difference.Basic

16What is a frozenset? How does it differ from a set and when is it useful?Medium

17Explain Python string slicing. What does s[::-1] do? How is slicing implemented internally?Basic

18What is the collections module? Describe Counter, defaultdict, OrderedDict, and deque.Medium

19What is the difference between list.append() and list.extend()? How does list.insert() work?Basic

20What are dictionary views (.keys(), .values(), .items())? Are they static snapshots or live views?Medium

21How do you sort a list of dictionaries by a specific key? Write code using both sorted() and key=.Basic

22What is the time complexity of common operations on list, dict, and set in Python?Medium

23What is a namedtuple? How does it compare to a regular class for structured data?Medium

24Explain shallow copy vs deep copy. What is the difference between copy.copy() and copy.deepcopy()?Medium

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Section 3 — Functions & Scope

Questions 25–34

10 Qs

25What is the LEGB rule in Python? Explain Local, Enclosing, Global, and Built-in scopes with an example.Medium

26What is a lambda function? When should you use it and when should you prefer a named function?Basic

27Explain map(), filter(), and reduce(). When are they preferable to list comprehensions?Medium

28What is a default mutable argument pitfall? Why is using def f(lst=[]) dangerous and how do you fix it?Medium

29What is function annotation in Python? How does typing module enhance type hints?Medium

30What is a first-class function in Python? How does passing functions as arguments enable higher-order functions?Medium

31What is the difference between return and yield in a function?Basic

32What is memoization? Implement it manually and then using functools.lru_cache.Medium

33What is functools.partial? Write an example showing how it creates specialised functions.Medium

34What is recursion in Python? What is the default recursion limit and how can you change it safely?Medium

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Section 4 — OOP & Classes

Questions 35–46

12 Qs

35What are the four pillars of OOP? Explain Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism in Python context.Basic

36What is the difference between __init__ and __new__? When would you override __new__?Medium

37What are class methods, static methods, and instance methods? Explain with @classmethod and @staticmethod.Medium

38What is multiple inheritance in Python? How does the MRO (Method Resolution Order) and C3 linearisation work?Advanced

39What are dunder (magic) methods? Explain __str__, __repr__, __len__, __eq__, and __hash__.Medium

40What is a property decorator? How does it differ from using getter/setter methods directly?Medium

41What is __slots__? How does it reduce memory usage and what are its trade-offs?Advanced

42What is an abstract base class (ABC)? How do you define and enforce interfaces using abc.ABCMeta?Medium

43What is the difference between composition and inheritance? When should you prefer one over the other?Medium

44What is a mixin in Python? Provide an example of a logging mixin added to multiple classes.Advanced

45What is super()? How does it work in single and multiple inheritance scenarios?Medium

46What is a dataclass (@dataclass)? How does it compare to namedtuple and a regular class?Medium

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Section 5 — Decorators & Closures

Questions 47–56

10 Qs

47What is a closure in Python? Write an example counter factory function demonstrating closure over a mutable variable.Medium

48What is a decorator? Explain how it wraps a function using the @ syntax and functools.wraps.Medium

49Write a timing decorator that logs how long any function takes to execute.Medium

50What is a parametrised decorator? Write a decorator factory @retry(times=3) that retries a function on exception.Advanced

51How do you stack multiple decorators in Python? In what order are they applied?Medium

52What is a class-based decorator? Show how to implement __call__ to make a class behave like a decorator.Advanced

53What is functools.wraps and why must you use it when writing decorators?Medium

54What is the difference between a decorator and a context manager? When would you use each pattern?Medium

55What built-in decorators does Python provide? Explain @property, @classmethod, @staticmethod, and @abstractmethod.Basic

56What is a late-binding closure? Explain the classic loop variable capture bug and how to fix it.Advanced

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Section 6 — Generators & Iterators

Questions 57–66

10 Qs

57What is an iterator in Python? Explain the __iter__ and __next__ protocol.Medium

58What is a generator function? How does yield work and what is the state preserved between calls?Medium

59What is a generator expression? Compare its memory usage to a list comprehension for large datasets.Medium

60What is yield from? How does it delegate to a sub-generator and simplify recursive generators?Advanced

61What is the itertools module? Describe chain, islice, product, combinations, and groupby.Medium

62How can you send values back into a generator using .send()? Write a simple coroutine example.Advanced

63What is the difference between StopIteration and GeneratorExit? When is each raised?Advanced

64Write an infinite generator that yields the Fibonacci sequence. Show how to safely consume it with islice.Medium

65What is lazy evaluation? How do Python generators enable processing of huge files line-by-line without loading into memory?Medium

66How do you make a custom class iterable? Implement __iter__ and __next__ on a Range-like class.Medium

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Section 7 — File Handling & I/O

Questions 67–74

8 Qs

67How do you open, read, write, and close a file in Python? Explain different file modes: r, w, a, rb, rb+.Basic

68What is a context manager? Explain with open() and implement a custom context manager using __enter__ and __exit__.Medium

69How do you read a very large file efficiently in Python without loading it entirely into memory?Medium

70What is the pathlib module? How does it improve over os.path for file path manipulation?Medium

71How do you read and write CSV files in Python? Compare csv module vs pandas.read_csv.Basic

72How do you serialize and deserialize Python objects? Compare pickle, json, and shelve.Medium

73What is contextlib.contextmanager? Show how to create a context manager using a generator function.Medium

74How do you handle file encoding issues in Python? What is the role of the encoding and errors parameters in open()?Medium

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Section 8 — Exceptions & Error Handling

Questions 75–82

8 Qs

75What is the exception hierarchy in Python? Where do Exception, BaseException, and SystemExit fit?Medium

76Explain the full try / except / else / finally pattern. When is else executed vs finally?Basic

77How do you create a custom exception class? What is the best practice for adding context data to it?Medium

78What is exception chaining? Explain raise X from Y and how it preserves the original traceback.Advanced

79What is the difference between catching Exception and BaseException? Why is catching BaseException dangerous?Medium

80What is warnings.warn()? How do you suppress or promote warnings in Python?Medium

81How do you log exceptions in Python using the logging module? Explain logging.exception() vs logging.error().Medium

82What is EAFP vs LBYL? Which style does Python prefer and why?Medium

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Section 9 — Async & Concurrency

Questions 83–92

10 Qs

83What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)? How does it affect multi-threaded Python programs?Advanced

84What is the difference between threading, multiprocessing, and asyncio in Python? When should you use each?Medium

85What is asyncio? Explain the event loop, coroutines, async def, and await.Medium

86What is asyncio.gather()? How does it run multiple coroutines concurrently and collect results?Medium

87What is the difference between asyncio.Task and a coroutine object? How do you create and cancel a Task?Advanced

88What is concurrent.futures? Compare ThreadPoolExecutor and ProcessPoolExecutor.Medium

89What is a race condition? How do you prevent it using threading.Lock or asyncio.Lock?Advanced

90What is queue.Queue? How is it used for thread-safe communication between producer and consumer threads?Medium

91What is asyncio.Semaphore? How would you limit concurrent HTTP requests to 10 at a time?Advanced

92What is the multiprocessing.Pool? How does pool.map() parallelise CPU-bound tasks across processes?Medium

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Section 10 — Testing & Debugging

Questions 93–100

8 Qs

93What is unittest? Write a test case with setUp, tearDown, and common assertion methods.Basic

94What is pytest? How does it differ from unittest? Explain fixtures, parametrise, and marks.Medium

95What is mocking? Show how to use unittest.mock.patch to mock an external API call in a test.Medium

96What is test coverage? How do you measure it with pytest-cov and what is a realistic target?Medium

97What is TDD (Test-Driven Development)? Describe the Red-Green-Refactor cycle with a Python example.Medium

98How do you debug Python code? Compare pdb, breakpoint(), IDE debuggers, and logging for debugging strategies.Medium

99What is property-based testing? Show an example using hypothesis to test a sorting function.Advanced

100What are doctest and inline tests? How do you run them and what scenarios are they best suited for?Basic

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Section 11 — Modules & Packages

Questions 101–108

8 Qs

101What is the difference between a module and a package in Python? What is the role of __init__.py?Basic

102How does Python's import system work? Explain sys.path, PYTHONPATH, and the import search order.Medium

103What is the difference between import X, from X import Y, and import X as Z? What are the namespace implications?Basic

104What is a virtual environment? Explain venv, pip, and requirements.txt best practices.Basic

105What is __all__ in a module? How does it control what is exported by from module import *?Medium

106What is circular import and how do you resolve it? Show a before/after refactoring example.Medium

107What are namespace packages (PEP 420)? How do they differ from regular packages with __init__.py?Advanced

108How do you package and publish a Python library to PyPI? Explain pyproject.toml, build, and twine.Advanced

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Section 12 — Advanced Python

Questions 109–120

12 Qs

109What are metaclasses in Python? How does type act as the default metaclass and when would you write a custom one?Advanced

110What is a descriptor protocol (__get__, __set__, __delete__)? How does property use it internally?Advanced

111What is __getattr__ vs __getattribute__? When is each called and what is the difference in behaviour?Advanced

112What are Python protocols (structural subtyping)? How does typing.Protocol differ from ABCs?Advanced

113What is the __missing__ method in a dict subclass? How is it used in collections.defaultdict?Advanced

114What are Python 3.10+ structural pattern matching (match / case) statements? Give a practical example.Medium

115What is __init_subclass__? How can it replace simple metaclass logic for enforcing subclass contracts?Advanced

116What is sys.settrace? How does the Python debugger (pdb) use it internally?Advanced

117What is monkey patching? Give a real-world scenario and explain the risks of using it in production code.Advanced

118What is the __call__ method? Write a class whose instances behave as callable functions with internal state.Medium

119What are weakref references? How do they help avoid memory leaks in observer/cache patterns?Advanced

120What is CPython vs PyPy vs Cython? When would you consider alternatives to CPython for performance-critical Python?Advanced

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Python
Question Set

12 Key Python Areas

All 120+ Questions

Section 1 — Python Basics & Syntax

Section 2 — Data Types & Structures

Section 3 — Functions & Scope

Section 4 — OOP & Classes

Section 5 — Decorators & Closures

Section 6 — Generators & Iterators

Section 7 — File Handling & I/O

Section 8 — Exceptions & Error Handling

Section 9 — Async & Concurrency

Section 10 — Testing & Debugging

Section 11 — Modules & Packages

Section 12 — Advanced Python

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Python Question Set

12 Key Python Areas

All 120+ Questions

Section 1 — Python Basics & Syntax

Section 2 — Data Types & Structures

Section 3 — Functions & Scope

Section 4 — OOP & Classes

Section 5 — Decorators & Closures

Section 6 — Generators & Iterators

Section 7 — File Handling & I/O

Section 8 — Exceptions & Error Handling

Section 9 — Async & Concurrency

Section 10 — Testing & Debugging

Section 11 — Modules & Packages

Section 12 — Advanced Python

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Get the Python PDF — Free

Python
Question Set